It Includes
Land Surveying: Land surveying is the most common type of civil engineering surveying. It involves measuring and mapping the features of the land, including boundaries, contours, and topography. Land surveying is used to establish property boundaries, design land subdivisions, and create maps for construction projects.
Construction Surveying: Construction surveying involves measuring and marking out the location of structures and infrastructure during the construction process. This includes setting out the location of buildings, roads, bridges, and other structures on the ground.
Geodetic Surveying: Geodetic surveying involves the use of advanced mathematical and physical principles to determine the size and shape of the earth’s surface. It is used to establish accurate global positioning and to measure large-scale changes in the earth’s surface.
Hydrographic Surveying: Hydrographic surveying involves measuring and mapping the underwater features of rivers, lakes, and oceans. It is used to design and construct water-related infrastructure, such as dams, ports, and coastal defenses.
Mining Surveying: Mining surveying involves measuring and mapping the underground features of mines and tunnels. It is used to design and construct mining infrastructure, such as shafts and tunnels, and to
ensure the safety of mine workers.